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Japanese manufacturers remain gloomy over high oil prices, the strong yen and weaker growth in Asia, according to a central bank survey that defied expectations that business confidence is improving in the world’s third-largest economy.

The Bank of Japan’s quarterly “tankan” released Monday showed the main index for big manufacturers at minus 4 for the January-March quarter, unchanged from the last quarter of 2011.

A negative reading indicates greater pessimists outnumber optimists among those surveyed.

Many analysts had forecast an improvement to minus 1, given easing concerns over the crisis in Europe and signs of a rebound in production following last year’s disasters.

Higher costs for energy will further undermine the competitiveness and profits of Japanese manufacturers at a time of uncertainty about growth in Asia.

“It’s not only high oil prices, but overall commodity prices are increasing, and those overall widely affect business conditions,” said Junko Nishioka, an economist at RBS Japan Securities.

“Even though export conditions will improve from now on, it’s difficult to anticipate that business conditions will improve very soon,” she said.

Data released last week showed weaker than expected factory production in February, with industrial output falling 1.2 percent, underscoring the fragility of the economic recovery as growth in Asia slows.

Conditions had been seen as improving thanks to a recovery from the production disruptions caused by widespread flooding in Thailand last year, on top of Japan’s earthquake, tsunami and nuclear disasters.

Given Japan’s heavy reliance on exports, much depends on conditions elsewhere in Asia.

“It’s a little too early to judge so companies are likely to show some cautiousness in their judgment,” said Masayuki Kichikawa, an economist at Bank of America-Merrill Lynch.

The tankan showed an improvement in most nonmanufacturing industries, with readings for services and telecommunications showing a positive outlook, though energy and construction indices remained in negative territory.

Japan’s exporters are struggling with the strong yen, which surged to post World-War II highs against the dollar as the U.S. central bank pursued stimulus policies that contributed to a weaker greenback. When the yen climbs, it reduces the value of exporters’ overseas profits when repatriated to Japan.

Although the yen has fallen slightly after monetary easing by the Bank of Japan in February, large manufacturers are pessimistic over its likely future course.

Large manufacturing companies assume an average exchange rate of about 78 yen per dollar for this fiscal year that started April 1 compared with current rate of nearly 83 yen per dollar.

The survey forecasts business sentiment among large manufacturers to rise only marginally to minus 3 over the next quarter. Medium-sized and small manufacturers expect business conditions to deteriorate.

“As long as the large manufacturers are at a low level … it is unlikely that the small and medium-size business activity will recover in the near future,” Nishioka said.

The Bank of Japan surveyed 10,894 companies nationwide. About 99 percent responded.

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Dubai’s DryDocks World has secured support from a significant majority of creditors to implement its $2.2 billion debt restructuring, the state-owned shipyard operator said Saturday.

The company, a division of the emirate’s debt-laden Dubai World conglomerate, has been in talks with lenders for months to hammer out new terms on the debt. It didn’t provide details of the revised repayment terms or say how many lenders agreed to the deal.

While it has sufficient support to implement the restructuring, a “small minority” of lenders have not signed on to the plan, the company said.

“The group has always sought the support of all its syndicated lenders and its proposals were designed to achieve that,” Chairman Khamis Juma Buamim said in a statement. “The group remains confident the absence of support from this minority will have no impact on the … restructuring.”

DryDocks’ debt talks were complicated by a lawsuit by one of its creditors, Monarch Alternative Capital, which was seeking about $45 million it was owed on line pay day loans. A British court ruled in Monarch’s favor earlier this year.

DryDocks World operates the Middle East’s largest shipyard in Dubai, where it builds and repairs ships and oil drilling rigs. It also owns shipyards in Singapore and Indonesia, and other Asian businesses including a fleet of more than 100 vessels, including tankers, cargo ships, tugboats and barges.

Its parent company, Dubai World, sent markets reeling in 2009 when it acknowledged it couldn’t pay back billions it owed. It signed an agreement to restructure some $25 billion in debt last March. Subsidiary companies such as DryDocks World have since tried to retool the terms on their own piles of debt.

Credit rating firm Moody’s Investors Service in December estimated that Dubai and its many state-linked companies owe creditors at least $101.5 billion.

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Last year, Jane Kuhl and her husband qualified for a state-run program that promised a 50 percent rebate to homeowners installing energy-saving insulation.

The couple spent more than $6,700 plugging holes and insulating their Harford County farmhouse, which was originally built in the late 1800s. For their work, they received a 35 percent rebate from the state, along with a 15 percent rebate from their utility. Happy at first, they were later surprised and disappointed to find out that they owe income taxes on the $2,461 received from the state.

“This is the first time I have heard of a rebate being taxable,” says Kuhl, 55, a retiree. “I have been getting rebates all my life, but no one has ever taxed it.”

Welcome to the confusing and quirky world of rebates and taxes. Some rebates are taxable; others aren’t.

And which is which is not always crystal clear — which can trigger some ugly surprises. Some Citi customers, for example, were shocked recently to discover that the frequent flyer miles they received for opening an account are taxable.

Basically, federal law says all income is taxable unless there’s an exemption, explains Wally Eddleman, deputy director of the office of Maryland comptroller.

And rebates have quite a few exemptions, which is why many of us don’t think of them as taxable.

A rebate isn’t taxable if it’s reducing the purchase price of an item or if it’s a reward for meeting certain spending goals.

So if a car manufacturer gives you a $2,000 rebate on a new auto, that’s a price reduction and not income. And you don’t have to pay taxes on cash awards, miles or points in exchange for making purchases with your credit card.

But Citi caused an uproar when it notified some customers that their air miles are taxable.

The bank last year offered 25,000 or more in American Airlines miles to people opening a checking or savings account. And last month, Citi sent those new customers federal 1099 forms that listed the miles as miscellaneous income. (Businesses that pay $600 or more to taxpayers in income other than wages must report this on the 1099. A copy also is sent to the IRS.)

Citi’s move caused a panic among consumers, who feared that frequent flyer miles would now be taxed.

“When a customer receives a gift for opening a bank account, whether cash or a toaster or airline miles, the value of that gift is generally treated as income and subject to reporting,” said Citi spokesman Sean Kevelighan.

The Internal Revenue Service agreed.

According to the Tax Institute at H&R Block, whether a reward is taxable or not depends on why you were given it.

Cash back or other awards to customers for spending a certain amount of money are not taxable, the Tax Institute says. But gifts, such as an iPad or concert tickets, awarded upfront to get you to open an account are taxable.

And the tax bite on some gifts can be sizable. Based on the price of miles consumers can buy on American Airlines’ website, the value of 25,000 miles is $687.50. If this were taxed at the 25 percent rate, it would add about $172 to a tax bill.

“If I was going to respond to one of those ads to get 50,000 miles for opening a new credit card or other account, I would look at it really closely,” said Abe Schneier, senior technical manager with the American Institute of CPAs.

(Don’t worry: That mug your bank gave you for opening an account is too small to be taxworthy, according to the Tax Institute.)

In Kuhl’s case, the homeowner says there was no mention in the rebate terms that the money would be taxed when she applied for Maryland’s Home Performance program. The Maryland Energy Administration notified her that the money might be subject to taxes only after the insulation work was completed, she says.

Kuhl says she found out for sure the money was taxable last month, when she received a 1099 form from the state. She didn’t get a 1099 for the utility’s share of the rebate, which amounted to about $959.

The homeowner says she bought the insulation with money out of her own pocket — on which she had already paid taxes. To be taxed again, she says, ’significantly cuts down on the amount we saved.”

I asked Eddleman with the state’s comptroller office to explain what happened.

Eddleman says there is an exemption for utilities offering a rebate for energy conservation, and that’s why Kuhl’s rebate from the utility was untaxed. But there is no exemption, he says, for the state portion.

Marylanders who received a state rebate for less than $600 won’t receive a 1099. But Eddleman says they should report the income on their tax return.

This is all based on federal law, Eddleman adds. If state legislators don’t like it, they can always carve out an exception.

They have before. Several years ago, the state offered solar energy grants to homeowners that also turned out to be taxable, Eddleman says. Responding to complaints, Maryland legislators provided some relief by allowing taxpayers to subtract the rebate from the income reported on their state income tax.

Kuhl has her fingers crossed.

“If everybody complains,” she says, “maybe they will look into it.”

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Long-term unemployed workers in states with persisting high joblessness soon would no longer be able to count on unemployment benefit checks for up to 99 weeks under legislation before Congress.

Under this week’s compromise for extending a Social Security tax cut through the rest of 2012, federal unemployment benefits for people who have been out of work more than six months are being scaled back.

If Congress passes the bill and President Barack Obama signs it into law, the current maximum 99 weeks of benefits will gradually fall to 73 weeks by September. For people in all but about a dozen of the highest unemployment states, the benefits will be cut off after 63 weeks.

Democrats had hoped to keep the number as close as possible to 99 weeks, arguing that the benefits are critical for those struggling to make ends meet and provide a boost to the economy. Republicans wanted to reduce the maximum time span for benefits to 59 weeks, saying too many people don’t seriously look for a job until the government checks quit coming.

The agreement would let both parties claim victory: Democrats say they preserved the program for another year, while Republicans claim they won major concessions by scaling back the program.

About 43 percent of the nation’s nearly 13 million unemployed have been without work for more than six months, double the rate of any other economic downturn since the Great Depression. If Congress had not reached a deal to reauthorize the program, about a million people would have lost benefits next month.

“It’s far from perfect, but it seems to be a responsible approach to the current problem of long-term unemployment,” said George Wentworth, an attorney with the National Employment Law Project, a worker advocacy group that supports long-term benefits.

It was not immediately clear how many people might lose out on benefits later this year under the new plan. Currently, 22 states are eligible for 93-plus weeks of unemployment insurance; just 18 get the full maximum of 99 weeks. The average unemployed worker receives less than $300 a week in benefits.

Wentworth said the gradual decrease would help cushion the blow for those relying on the benefits.

The plan would extend the current 99-week maximum through May for states with the highest unemployment rates. Benefits would drop to 79 weeks in June and to 73 weeks in September. Unless Congress extends the federal benefits again, people losing their jobs after July 1 will get only 26 weeks.

“This agreement is a step in the right direction,” said James Sherk, a policy analyst at the conservative Heritage Foundation. “However, two years of benefits was excessive when passed and a year-and-a-half of benefits in an improving labor market is still excessive.”

The program was already winding down anyway. Under the current formula, the maximum coverage period would have fallen to 79 weeks in October.

The job market has been steadily improving and fewer people are filing for the benefits. On Thursday, the Labor Department reported that the number of people seeking unemployment benefits last week was the lowest it’s been in four years.

The new law will allow states to make benefit applicants take drug tests if they lost their job because they failed a drug test or are applying for a job that requires one. Republicans dropped an effort to let states require all applicants to take a drug test, or require applicants without a high school diplomas to pursue a GED certificate.

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Greece faces further hurdles and delays before it can receive a second, euro130 billion ($171 billion) bailout in spite of its lawmakers voting through more austerity measures in the face of violent protests.

The European Union’s Economic Affairs Commissioner Olli Rehn on Monday called the Greek parliament’s approval of a further round of budget cuts a “crucial step forward,” but Germany insisted it would still take some time before the second bailout is delivered.

Germany, which as Europe’s biggest economy pays the largest part in bailout deals, said it wouldn’t give its final approval for the new aid payments until early March _ after it becomes clear how many banks and investment funds are willing to take losses on their Greek bonds and the parliament in Berlin votes on the new measures.

Pushing the new bailout back for several weeks underlines the amount of distrust that has built up against Greece over the past two years, when many promised cuts and reforms were passed in its Parliament but never actually implemented.

But it also means that Greece, its citizens, and the rest of the world economy won’t know for several weeks whether the country can avoid a potentially disastrous default. A bankruptcy could force Greece out of Europe’s euro currency union, drag down other troubled eurozone countries and further roil global markets.

“Germany is trying to get the best deal it can by putting pressure on Greece now,” said Ben May, European economist at Capital Economics in London. The idea is to “give Greece a bit more of an incentive over the next few weeks to speed things up and get things moving.”

But delaying the final approval of the bailout is not without risk. Uncertainty over the new rescue money could dissuade some of Greece’s private investors from participating in a separate bond swap deal, May warned. A hitch in getting the bailout package through national parliaments in the eurozone could also push Greece perilously close to missing a euro14.5 billion bond redemption on March 20, he added.

Greece’s political leaders scrambled over the weekend to get new far-reaching austerity measures through Parliament ahead of a meeting of the finance ministers from the 17 euro countries on Wednesday. The drastic cuts debated on Sunday included axing one in five civil service jobs over the next three years and slashing the minimum wage by more than a fifth.

As Greek lawmakers voted on the new cuts, the streets of Athens and other cities were rocked by violent protests. In Athens, at least 45 buildings were burned while dozens of stores and cafes were smashed and looted. Police arrested at least 74 people and detained a further 92, while in several cases they had to escort fire crews to burning buildings after protesters prevented access.

However, the Greek Parliament’s vote hasn’t brought an end to the uncertainty. Apart from some technical decisions, several key issues remain:

_It is unclear whether the new spending cuts, the debt relief deal and the new bailout will be enough to bring Greece’s debt load down to 120 percent of economic output by 2020 _ the maximum its international creditors perceive as sustainable.

Several weeks ago, the EU estimated that there was still a financing gap of around euro15 billion ($20 billion) and an EU official on Monday could not say whether the gap has since decreased instant payday loan lenders. There is hope that the European Central Bank, which also holds a significant amount of Greek debt can help close that gap by forgoing profits on those bonds.

_Greece’s debt sustainability depends on whether enough private investors participate in a bond swap designed to slice some euro100 billion ($132 billion) off Greece’s euro350 billion ($464 billion) debt pile. Athens wants banks and other investment funds to exchange their old Greek bonds for new ones with half the face value, lower interest rates and longer repayment deadlines. But the deal will only work if almost all private bond holders take part. If not enough of them sign up, Greece could still pass new legislation that could force holdouts to participate.

_Athens still needs to spell out how exactly it plans to cut an extra euro325 million in spending this year. The sum was included in the austerity package that passed through parliament, but Greece hasn’t said where the money will come from. An EU official said Monday that much of the euro325 million could come from further cuts to Greece’s defense budget.

_The other 16 countries that use the euro are still waiting for the leaders of Greece’s two main political parties to commit in writing to implementing the new austerity measures even after elections expected for April. Both the Socialists and the center-right New Democracy party backed the package in the parliamentary vote, but New Democracy leader Antonis Samaras has said that he disagrees with some of the measures.

_National parliaments in Germany, Finland and the Netherlands will have to vote on the second bailout package. Since those countries are traditionally most critical of bailouts, the votes are unlikely to happen before there is clarity on whether the bailout deal will actually make Greece’s debt sustainable again. Germany said its parliament will vote on Feb. 27.

Germany’s insistence on taking more time to decide whether it is willing to send more bailout money to Greece means the final decision on the rescue loans will have to be split from the bond swap deal.

The swap offer for private investors has to be launched this week so that it can be completed ahead of March 20, when Greece has to redeem some euro14.5 billion in bonds.

The finance ministers from the other 16 countries that use the euro as their currency could give Greece the green light to make the swap offer to investors at their meeting Wednesday, which would give investors several weeks to decide whether to participate.

However, the finance ministers “will have to provide the private sector with some assurances on the second bailout in order to for them (the private bondholders) to look at the deal and make a real judgment,” said Capital Economics’ May.

“Everything takes place or nothing takes place and that by definition makes it a more complicated and time consuming process,” May warned. “Assuming a deal is put in place, it’s likely to come right down to the wire.”

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Juergen Baetz in Berlin and Elena Becatoros in Athens contributed to this story.

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The federal deficit was lower through the first four months of the budget year than the same period last year. Still, the deficit is expected to top $1 trillion for the fourth year in a row, putting more pressure on Congress and President Barack Obama in an election year.

The deficit totaled $349 billion through January, the Treasury Department said Friday. That’s $70 billion less than at the same point last year. January’s monthly deficit was $27 billion, roughly half of the deficit in January 2011.

The White House later confirmed a report that President Obama’s new budget predicts a $1.3 trillion deficit for the full fiscal year, which began on Oct. 1. The figures were first reported in The Wall St. Journal, which viewed leaked draft budget documents.

If the administration is correct, the 2012 deficit would be the same as last year’s imbalance. The government ran an all-time record deficit of $1.41 trillion in fiscal 2009, and a $1.29 trillion imbalance in 2010.

This year’s deficit is running lower in part because of higher corporate tax receipts, the department said. That has boosted government revenue to $790 billion from October through January.

Spending fell to $1.14 trillion in the same period, though excluding the accounting changes it was largely flat.

Still, the picture hasn’t improved as much as the Congressional Budget Office had estimated it would last year bad credit pay day loans. In August, the agency projected that the deficit would come in at $973 billion this year. But last week, it boosted its estimate, citing lower than expected tax revenues.

Congress has shown little ability recently to make difficult changes to tax levels or spending programs to reduce the deficit. They will face another big challenge at the end of this year, when tax cuts that were first enacted in 2001 and 2003 are set to expire. And a set of automatic spending cuts totaling about $1.2 trillion over 10 years is also scheduled to kick in.

Those changes, along with several other provisions that will automatically take effect under current law, would substantially reduce the deficit in future years.

But the CBO estimates that if Congress extends the tax cuts, as many observers expect, and if they block the spending cuts, the deficit will remain near $900 billion or higher for the next 10 years.

President Obama is set to release his annual budget proposal Monday. It will include a set of economic projections, including that unemployment will average 8.9 percent this year. White House officials dismissed the figure Thursday as outdated. The rate fell to 8.3 percent in January.

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The head of memory chip maker Micron long known for taking risks in stunt piloting died Friday when a small experimental plane he was piloting steeply banked, stalled and crashed near an Idaho runway.

Steve Appleton, who survived a similar crash eight years ago and had a reputation as a hard-driving daredevil, was the only person aboard the plane when witnesses said it crashed shortly after its second take-off attempt in Boise, according to safety investigators.

Appleton’s death was confirmed by Micron, and the company’s board planned to meet over the weekend to discuss its next steps. Corporate governance experts raised questions in the past about whether Appleton, as CEO, should be engaging in a hobby as risky as stunt piloting. The company’s shares have traded between $3.97 and $11.95 over the past year, and shares were up 23 cents at $7.95 Friday before trading was halted for the announcement.

“Steve’s passion and energy left an indelible mark on Micron, the Idaho community and the technology industry at large,” Micron’s board of directors said in a prepared statement.

Micron is one of many companies that make semiconductor chips for various devices, including computers, mobile devices, cameras, cars and industrial systems. It makes products under the Lexar and Crucial brands, and is one of Idaho’s largest and most influential employers

In its latest fiscal year, which ended Sept. 1, Micron earned $167 million, or 17 cents per share, and had revenue of $8.8 billion.

The 51-year-old Appleton hadn’t filed a flight plan and by all indications planned to stay in the area for a recreational flight, investigators said.

Keliher, of the NTSB, said the crash happened during Appleton’s second attempt to fly that morning. She said Appleton’s first take-off ended abruptly _ witnesses said the plane only got about 5 feet off the ground _ when he re-landed and returned to a hangar for about five minutes.

Keliher said witnesses reported that the plane then returned to the runway to take off again, but Appleton almost immediately told the tower he needed to turn around and re-land. His plane was about 100 or 200 feet in the air before witnesses say it crashed and caught fire. Appleton’s body was thrown from the wreckage.

Keliher said the remains of the pilot weren’t immediately identifiable, but Appleton’s wallet and other belongings were among the debris. She said the body was being fingerprinted by authorities.

The weather was clear and the runway was dry, Keliher said, and investigators planned to look for any evidence of equipment failure or other problems.

Airport spokeswoman Patti Miller said the aircraft was a fixed-wing prop plane Lancair, which is built from kits.

Federal Aviation Administration’s records show the tail number of the wrecked plane was registered to Raleighwood Aviation LLC out of North Carolina.

It was manufactured in 2007 and filed in the “amateur built” category.

Planes like the Lancair have caught the attention of the National Transportation Safety Board, which is in the midst of a study of their safety. Last year, the agency investigated 222 experimental and amateur-built plane accidents in which 67 people were killed. More than half involved planes that were bought used rather than having been built by the current owner.

Doug Meyer, the company’s marketing and sales manager, declined to comment about the crash, saying the company knew very little about it.

“Lancair aircraft are quite safe,” he said,

On July 8, 2004, Appleton sustained a punctured lung, head injuries, ruptured disk and broken bones after his stunt plane crashed in the desert east of Boise.

After that crash, Appleton didn’t immediately reveal the severity of injuries he sustained in that crash, and at the time a Micron spokesman described Appleton as only sustaining some “bumps and bruises.” But in 2006 a corporate governance expert began questioning disclosures about the crash.

Appleton’s death came one week after the company’s president and chief operating officer, D. Mark Durcan, announced plans to retire in August. Mark W. Adams, Micron’s vice president of worldwide sales, was named to succeed Durcan.

Micron spokesman Dan Francisco said Durcan is assuming the responsibilities of CEO until the company’s board appoints Appleton’s successor.

News of Appleton’s death sparked an outpouring of homage from Idaho leaders, with Gov. C.L. “Butch” Otter lauding him as a champion and visionary businessman who “understood the value as well as the cost of excellence.”

Appleton was the face of Micron for most Idahoans. The company was instrumental in the Idaho’s tech boom and is known for charitable giving, recently donating $13 million for a new building at Boise State University.

Appleton started on the factory floor of Micron in 1983 and worked his way up. In 1991, he was appointed president and chief operating officer of Micron and in 1994, he was appointed to the position of chairman, chief executive officer and president. He assumed his position as CEO and chairman in 2007.

Appleton owned several different types of aircraft, piloted in air shows and frequently flew the planes in the skies over Idaho. He had a penchant for other adventures too: In 2006, he won the 20-car Baja Challenge Class of the SCORE Tecate Baja 1000, completing the 1,047-mile run from Enseneda to La Paz late Friday in 25 hours and 25 minutes, 30 minutes ahead of his nearest competitor.

At the time, Appleton said he wasn’t worried about putting himself and his executive team behind the wheels for the pounding, often brutal race over rough and remote terrain.

“I don’t know what could be worse than being in the memory business for risk-taking,” he said. “If we were in some stable, monopolistic business, I’d probably get objections from my executive staff about doing this, but they’re all dying to go.”

Micron shares were up 23 cents at $7.95 Friday before trading was halted in the early afternoon for the announcement. The company’s shares have traded between $3.97 and $11.95 over the past year.

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Associated Press reporters Nick Jesdanun and Joan Lowy contributed to this report.

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Herbert Greszuk was at the bar on the fifth deck of the Costa Concordia when the ill-fated luxury liner hit a reef.

Unable to get back to his second-deck cabin after the emergency signal came, he made it to a lifeboat with only the clothes on his back _ leaving behind everything he had with him for the cruise, including his tuxedo, camera, jewelry, euro400 ($520) in cash, credit cards, identity papers and even his dentures.

The 62-year-old, who runs a small flower shop and cafe in the western German town of Recklinghausen, counts himself lucky to have escaped the ship after it capsized Jan. 13, leaving at least 16 dead and 16 still missing.

But, he estimates that he lost at least euro10,000 ($13,000) in goods alone. He’s only one of the 4,200 passengers and crew who were on board and will likely want compensation, and material loss just scratches the surface. There’s the ruined holiday, physical and mental trauma, and payments to families of the dead, among other things, in an incident many believe was preventable.

“It’s about accountability, ” Greszuk told The Associated Press in a telephone interview from his cafe. “Something like this must not be allowed to happen again. So many people died; it’s simply inexcusable.”

In Rome on Thursday, representatives of ship operator Costa Crociere SpA met with consumer activists to discuss a blanket compensation deal for some 3,206 people from 61 countries who suffered no physical harm when the ship hit the reef.

The offer would consider the price of the ticket, costs incurred in getting home after the disaster, the cost of items lost aboard the ship as well as damages for the ruined vacation and trauma resulting from the accident, said Furio Truzzi of the consumer group Assoutenti.

It would not apply to the hundreds of crew on the ship, the roughly 100 cases of people injured or the families who lost loved ones.

“We are working for a collective transaction to come up with a value for damages,” Truzzi said. “Each passenger can decide if this proposal is satisfactory. If it is not, they are free to react through a lawyer.”

Truzzi said it was premature to discuss exact amounts of compensation. He said it would be an average and that any passenger who deemed his or her losses greater than the offer was free to counter the proposal.

He said Assoutenti would work separately on a proposal for those who lost loved ones in the disaster and was open to working with crew members.

The ship ran aground off the Tuscan island of Giglio after the captain, Francesco Schettino, veered from his approved course. Costa Crociere’s chief executive, Pier Luigi Foschi, has said Schettino didn’t have approval to change the course and was going too fast _ 16 knots _ to be so close to shore.

Schettino is under house arrest, facing accusations of manslaughter, causing a shipwreck and abandoning a ship before all passengers were evacuated.

Although it is still early and talk of compensation is ongoing, lawsuits are expected to be filed in Germany, Italy, the United States and elsewhere. In France, the Justice Ministry said that complaints filed by French people have been brought together by the Paris prosecutors’ office. It said 462 French passengers were aboard _ four were killed and two remain missing.

Attorney Hans Reinhardt, who represents Greszuk and a dozen other German survivors, said passengers did sign liability wavers _ a common requirement for cruises _ but that he considers them void under the circumstances quick payday loans.

“You do not sign off on a disaster situation, what you sign there is for normal daily situations like if there is a little storm or high water or something like that,” he said. “This was such a large failure by the captain and by Costa that you can sign whatever you want but you will still get your money.”

Depending upon their individual situations, he said he is seeking between euro10,000 ($13,000) and euro50,000 ($65,700) for his clients and would wait for three months to see if Costa would settle before taking the matter to court.

Though the cruise company is Italian, Costa’s parent company is Miami-based Carnival Corp. and Reinhardt said he was trying to determine which could be held responsible for the incident. If it’s Carnival, he said he would pursue his case in the U.S., where damages awarded tend to be higher than in Germany.

The company also faces the question of compensation for crew members who have lost their jobs because of the accident, not to mention the costs of salvaging the ship and of a possible environmental disaster if the unused fuel cannot be safely removed.

Salvage experts worked Thursday so they could begin pumping tons of fuel off the ship starting Saturday to avert an environmental catastrophe. The stricken ship lies in pristine waters that are prime fishing grounds and part of a protected area for dolphins and whales.

German reinsurers Hannover Re AG and Munich Re AG, two of the world’s largest, both said this week that liability claims from the fatal capsizing could run in the triple-digit millions of euros. Swiss Re, the other reinsurance powerhouse, said Thursday it was still too early to even guess what it might cost.

Reinsurers offer backup policies to companies writing primary insurance policies, which helps spread the risk around so the system can handle large losses from disasters.

Carnival has said it has liability insurance, though with a $10 million deductible. Of the so-called “hull insurance,” which covers damage to the ship, Carnival is responsible for the first $30 million in damage, while the rest is covered by a network of insurers led by XL Group.

Carnival also said it expects to lose $85 million to $95 million in bookings on the ship that have had to be canceled.

Meantime, Greszuk said he has been trying to piece together his life _ getting a new driver’s license, credit cards, passport and other identity documents _ but is feeling abandoned by those responsible for his plight.

“I feel so lost and alone,” he said. “Nobody is helping us out. Neither Costa nor the travel agency have contacted me _ do you know how that feels? I called the travel agency and they said it’s not our problem any more, call Costa. I called Costa and they said they’d get back to me, but as of today, I haven’t heard a word.”

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Colleen Barry reported from Milan, Italy. Associated Press writer Jamey Keaten in Paris contributed to this report.

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The Federal Reserve is making the most of its tools to boost the economy, and there is evidence they have worked, a top Fed official said on Tuesday.

Cleveland Federal Reserve President Sandra Pianalto, a voter this year on the central bank’s policy-setting committee, said she “will continue to weigh the costs and benefits of further policy actions.”

Pianalto, considered on the dovish wing of the Fed more concerned with bringing down high unemployment, said she expects the economy to grow around 2.5 percent this year, and about 3 percent in 2013, making for a “moderate” recovery.

Though in the past she forecast 2-percent inflation for the next two years, in her first speech of the year Pianalto said she expects inflation to dip below that level during the first half of 2012.

The Fed late in 2008 slashed interest rates to near zero and has since bought $2 payday loans guaranteed no fax.3 trillion in long-term securities to spur growth and keep the economy afloat, in response to a deep recession and financial crisis.

Recent data from employment to manufacturing to consumer credit suggest the world’s largest economy gained momentum going into 2012, though the high 8.5 percent unemployment rate, a slow housing market recovery and the European debt crisis still pose risks.

“I have supported our policy decisions, and there is evidence that they have been effective,” Pianalto said.

“While it is true that the federal funds rate has been near zero for some time, some economic policy models indicate that monetary policy should be even more accommodative than it is today,” she added.

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